Social Class And A Persons Life Chances

Social Class And A Persons Life ChancesBefore the start of industrial capitalism, in a pre-industrial societies meet is referred to as a general way activities directed at satisfying the human need for survival. Which were all non-industrial, work such as hunting, gathering or farming. Starting in the 18th century and continuing into the 19th century work has become regular paid employment. The simple rural lives were exchanged by mass exertion of goods. Industrialisation guide to urbanisation, it changed the medieval customs, beliefs and ideals. The term industrial revolution is used to describe this transformation. Industrial Productive activity involved Factory systems and mechanisation cater by energy sources that is undertaken outside the home in a building or mill, Where workers has to work as industrial labourers under hazardous conditions. Karl Marx argued the capitalist who be the owners of the means of toil, must essentially exploit the workers for maintaining the ex istence of the structure and organisation. The capitalism is a system based on profit, within the capitalism the workers be disposed(p) a paid wage enabling them to survive. It is necessary that capitalism continue to grow, to give the mass population the surplus wealth. It depends on continual growth and, therefore, it makes scent out to give the mass of the population surplus wealth for enable them to buy goods the more goods they buy, the more the system can produce.Marx was one the first social idealogue to examine in to the conditions of work in factories that were emerging during the industrial revolution, looking at how the transition from self-working craftwork to working for a boss in a factory resulted in alienation and deskilling. For Marx capitalism created the world of work then turned it against the workers, not only workers were prevented from realising themselves but they developed a system where work became the source of alienation and exploitation. Max used th e term alienation to describe what it were like to be wage workers under industrial capitalism. He used four reference of alienation in factory workers first alienated from theobjects of their work as job becomes repetitive and automatic. Second workers argon alienated fromthe activity of working they are forced to work for them. Third Workers are alienated from thechance to determine what it is to be human and finally Alienation from opposite workers, not having to spend era with people you enjoy and are forced to work with people even if you like them or not.Braverman similarly mirrored most of Karl Marxs writing and applied it to work in the twentieth century. Braverman claimed that many jobs in the capitalist economy were subjected to a process of deskilling this is where professional knowledge becomes replaced by machines and automation and tendency toward specialisation of task. He describes this as the period of monopoly capitalism. Taylorism exemplified this managerial st rategy.At the beginning of the twentieth century Henry Ford combines the organisational innovation of taylorism, which introduced special machine tools that standardised production in a continuous flow in the form of assembly line. It was used on a large scale and using semi-skilled workers. Workers had one task for each one that they had to repeatedly do which is why they did not need to be particularly trained. However, he has been criticized for his idea Fords mass-production system. The regulation theory explained that as a capitalist production system, Fordism is alienating and involved deskilling therefore, Fordism is unable to overcome workers dissatisfaction. Another argument is that it is unable to overcome consumer dissatisfaction. Both arguments concludes that during 1970s Fordism was in crisis. Many solutions were adopted to solve the crisis of Fordism with a development of wide range of better quality products with neo-Fordism, McDonaldism, and post-Fordism.Also the pr ocess of de-industrialisation began around 1970s with a decline in employment among the manufacturing and industrial jobs and an step-up in employment in service sector jobs. However, de-industrialisation was not just about the end of particular jobs but the dismantling of social and cultural traffic in some societies. For example, manufacturing employments were sites of masculine occupational cultures and part of working class male identity. De-industrialisation was evident to large number of unemployment in industrial areas in the UK which led to a crisis of masculinity for working class men. On the other hand theorist such as Bell (1973) saw this as a demonstrable way in The coming of Post-industrial society. He argued that it will be less alienating than in industrial societies. Class may also lose its cause as knowledge and professional will have power rather than the anachronistic industrial ruling class.When people are unemployed, they get involved in the labour market. L abour marketsworks through the interaction between workers and employers. They try to understand employers demand and workers supplies by looking at pattern of employment, income, honorarium or often pattern of racism and sexism that are existing in society. These patterns of discrimination have led to what is called dual or segmented labour markets. Trade unions are part of fight against such processes in our society. They provide an important function for millions of workers. They protect workers from being exploited and making sure they have fair wages and working conditions.While work occupies a main role in our lives, its social significance extends beyond our personal identities and daily activities. It is closely involved with other social institutions, social structures, and social processes, especially social inequality.